Energy storage systems cost update Cuba

Due to rising temperatures and increasingly unreliable energy infrastructure, action to update Cuba’s energy grid is urgently necessary. Though the country is facing an ongoing economic crisis, potential for improvement exists especially in the opening of international collaborations with partners in the Caribbean and nongovernmental . Due to rising temperatures and increasingly unreliable energy infrastructure, action to update Cuba’s energy grid is urgently necessary. Though the country is facing an ongoing economic crisis, potential for improvement exists especially in the opening of international collaborations with partners in the Caribbean and nongovernmental . But over the past 10 years, Cuba’s policymakers have identified some potential pathways towards a clean and resilient energy system. For example, Cuba committed to generating 24% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030 as part of the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. Regarding conventional generation technologies, investments in natural gas CCGT can present an opportunity for Cuba to significantly reduce fuel costs. It becomes clear that energy system planning should aim to keep oil imports as low as possible since they are the single main driver of the high costs in systems without sufficient alternative . The different scenarios are analyzed and compared using indicators quantifying energy security (i.e. dependence on energy imports), carbon footprint (i.e. CO 2 emissions), air quality (i.e. concentration of harmful air pollutants), and economic cost (i.e. total annualized costs -TAC- and carbon compensation). The population of Cuba must reach a standard of living necessary to pay the unsubsidized cost of clean and sustainable energy in accordance with an acceptable rate of return for the investor. Cuba faces a long and arduous road in order to achieve a comprehensive national energy policy that produces safe, clean, efficient, reliable, sustainable .